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What size is a #10 UNF in terms I can use here in the US? Could it be a #10 fine thread bolt?
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I believe that is correct... but in my experience you are likely to strip the threads anyway if the cap has not been off for a log time. There are just a couple of threads in what is a stamped sheet metal cap so they can't take much tugging.
What I do: To remove the cap I use an eye bolt about 2" long. Rather than insert and pull I insert it until it makes contact with the end if the stub axle... then tighten, wiggle, tighten some more, wiggle some more -- if all goes well the cap is neatly drawn off the hub.
With the cap off (or on the replacement cap I get after using channel-locks to remove the old cap) I JBWeld a nut inside the cap to backup the threads (have to do this with a bolt in place so the threads all align). This plus some grease or anti-sieze on the lip plus occasional removal will make things easy in the future.