For coolant to be on the top of the cylinder head is obviously a big concern. That would seem to be due to a blown head gasket, cracked head, or some failure where coolant made its way into the oil pan then back up.
Maybe not, but I can't see how coolant would make it up there unless the coolant found its way into the compression chamber or oil pan.
Regardless of that issue, which may have another cause, the coincidence of the engine seizing after you put a new starter in has me concerned.
I'd put the transmission in neutral and pull the fan again. If it's seized, I'd try going backward. If it moves backward but only for a half turn and then freezes, that would seem to indicate the possibility, mentioned above, that a valve broke and is lodged into a cylinder.
If the engine won't move in either direction, I'd pull that oil pan off again. Was the oil full of coolant? Are the connecting rods all intact?
If still no answers, I'd pull that starter again. Just for kicks I'd bench test the starter, holding it firmly in a vice. I realize that if the ignition isn't on, the starter gears aren't engaged anyway, but I'd want to rule out anything strange about the starter.
Good luck.